From the evolution of political economy logic to economics and its problems

 Abstract: Microscopic origin of western economics of everything in human society are all fundamentally related to human relations in the public domain, and thus is itself a political economy of economic phenomena more appropriate name. However, because people tend to have long dubbed study It is with this narrow understanding of the concept, resulting in the current two systems of economics: on the one hand, the Western mainstream scholars emphasize the role of market mechanisms and to study restricted to the art of personal fortune to use the ; to replace the term Evolutionary Logic and Its Problems
- concept and connotation of political economy Dynasty
I. Introduction
economics should study not only wealth, but also to study social relations, so its research to include two aspects of ethics and engineering: they complement each other, work together to build the whole edifice of economics. In fact, not only the relationship between economics and ethics has a long history, and even if research is focused on issues of natural resources Nor do the mainstream economics divorced from specific social relations. However, since the marginal revolution dynasties, these two aspects of economics are gradually separated, resulting in the formation of a different branch of economics; particular, increasingly confined to the modern mainstream economics This single aspect of engineering, and the extreme line taken by the analysis of abstraction, leading to a economics, political economy and the Western paradigm mm actually are one of mainstream economics, economics and other social sciences began to also closely linked, and that political economics is the name of the unity of economics. So, the political This is the concept of economics is the concept of how economics replaced it? In particular, scholars in the Chinese economy, the persistence of political economics and western economics dichotomy, then, that binary economics How is the formation of structure? in a sense, the domestic political economy as understood mainly refers to Marxist economics, or a Marxist political economy, then it with the traditional relationship between political economy and how? In fact, the prevailing domestic political economy is only the generalized concept of an integral part of political economy, and, if the Marxist political economy, represented by research form the backbone of the traditional socialist political economy, then, with the the meaning of socialism itself, understanding and broaden the content of political economy, this traditional understanding is getting narrow. is this for a sort out and analyze this.
Second, the history of the concept of evolution and economics
its inherent logic in the West, economics comes from the Greek oikos (family) and nomos (law or principle) of the combination, which means household management principles;, of course, referred to here, and the modern meaning of economic theory are included in the When the meaning of this management extended to other things and after the city-state economics involved in the field of not only a personal matter, but to the public domain, which began to appear on the political economy of the corresponding word. For example, color Connaught points of the better; in particular, their followers Xenophon Aristotle would put slave family management thinking within the scope of state management were discussed, resulting in the prototype of modern economics. Aristotle believed that Economics is the study of financial operation and the rich get surgery, take the family and the state and the pursuit of financial wealth currency appreciation is to take an important part of household management which will be linked with the city administration; the same time, he studied economics made a further widening of the exchange and monetary theory and other content, and economic theory as an integral part of political theory.
scholars involved in the public sphere of the formal system of economic phenomena occurred at the mercantilist period, Thus the term political economy is also in this time. It was originally the French mercantilist D. Mengke Lai Tin in 1615 and 1616, respectively, published in and so they have developed physiocrats, and the focus of economic research to production areas, related to the state management in the area of production; in fact, is what Marx inherited the mantle of their research but will focus on the areas of production, and study specifically limited to the relations of production. precisely because the object of study of economics and content have greatly widened, so Rousseau in 1755 for the French political economics and family economics. However, until 1769, James. Stuart published system works; Since then, the political economy began to gain the widespread use of the word. Clearly, the early political economists have tried to put forward guidelines for economic activity and for the government to provide policy advice to promote business development, and its focus is the development of social wealth ; and, at this time the political economy of the country has been managed from the family or extended to social and economic problems of all the research, which is why at this time Comte advocate the use of sociology to dominate the important reasons for the social sciences.
formal political economy marked by the formation of Adam. Smith's laissez-faire classical economics as the center of the birth and make the economy has truly become an independent system of discipline, and laid the cornerstone for future economic research. Since then, Britain, France and other countries have designated a number of political and economic universities Professor, and since then 100 years of political economy has become the established name of economics; In general, people tend to start from the mid-17th century to the 19th century, 30 years known as the school is also known as political economy. Clearly, Smith's political economy and create concern is the social and economic development and people's welfare and rights should be a corresponding increase in other problems, such as his or, more precisely, to provide such people to give their income and livelihood; Secondly, to state and community to provide adequate public services, income required to make public service to take place. In short, the aim of rich people rich [1] At the same time, Smith also tested before the spread of the rich people rich on two different systems of political economy: First, mercantilism, and second, physiocrats.
Obviously, it is As the classical economists concerned about the public domain issues, concerns the entire society, especially disadvantaged groups, growth, and thus has two basic characteristics of classical economics. a person, because attempts to promote the creation of national wealth to protect the general welfare increase, which involves the production of labor input and configuration issues, which led to the rise of labor theory of value; the two, given the concern under the national wealth to improve social welfare, which involves how to maximize the exchange of the remaining issues, resulting in a laissez-faire policy in favor. And, since public domain is often concerning a ruler's behavior problems, which Smith himself was writing who read a science, in the interpretation of his words full of monarchy and the Government on how society should act in the governance of the government strategy and policy recommendations; this end, Smith was not only discussed a number of economic and trade policy, and broader discussed the political, legal and even diplomatic issues, etc., in addition to that and legal protection. For this reason, Stigler pointed out that Smith and other British classical economics view, the economics of the tasks is to persuade the human community, especially the country's sovereignty should take what kind of appropriate governance and institutional forms, to make a country's economic prosperity and people to get rich; this end, Smith in agriculture, manufacturing and commercial activities characteristics, and established a currency medium of exchange and division of labor for the production characteristics of the system.
, of course, the intervention in the mercantilist policies have on the development of capitalist industry and commerce pose an increasing the era of serious obstacles, Smith is more emphasis on the role of market mechanisms, while in the employer era, people at all levels of income distribution are mainly determined by market competition. the one hand, Smith said: People of all classes to which they belong, should be given a fair and equal treatment; just to promote the interests of a class, and hurt the interests of another class, a clear violation of this principle the specific interests of manufacturers, and the interests of consumers or other producers been sacrificed. On the other hand, Smith emphasized that large part to the capital, into this industry, or to special restrictions on specific industries, in violation of the natural trend, forcing part of the original cast in such industries to the capital to leave this industry, and it was actually great to be promoted runs counter to the purpose. it will only impede, not promote the development of society towards prosperity; can only reduce, not increase the annual product of land or the value of labor industry, on the contrary, and let him use their own methods to pursue their interests, their labor and capital, and any other person or to compete with other classes Mercantilism is the policy of state intervention is still popular in his time, protect the rule of law and constitutional operation of the market has not fully set up democratic institutions; government regulation is directly witnessed the serious economic problems, Smith turned market competition have taken on the optimistic attitude, I believe that with the gradual improvement of market mechanism and mature, self-interest and public will reach a natural harmony. but the whole reality of social development that improve the market mechanism is a long process, in the market is not mature, it is often in the natural role of the existence of a process of alienation; and, based on market forces to determine exchange often lead to serious inequality in income distribution, leading to people's rights and national wealth should be between Reverse development. In this case, with increased productivity, people's welfare is often falling instead of rising, making the problem even more urgent economic conflicts; this end, Smith has stressed that the adoption of legislation to protect vulnerable group interests, it also called for the reconstruction of virtue. Because of this, to Ricardo era, distribution gradually became the central issue is raised Mill production and distribution of the dichotomy: production by natural law and the law domination of man can not change, and that science and technology with the natural conditions and is linked; the distribution is determined not just by economic forces, and fully human will and the system, the Government and the state can not restrict the role of various distribution system, But the right to choose what kind of distribution system. To this end, the classical economists are actively exploring ways to change the system, for example, Muller mix all the more insightful of the previous re-organization of ideas since the economic system from Smith , but also actively to economic analysis clearly extended to the field of social reform, which became the classical economic theory, economic policy and a complete discussion of social philosophy; Moreover, Mueller is not simply to emphasize production efficiency of economic growth and testing, but emphasized a more comprehensive standards, such as including the quality of life and full development of the individual, his full name is the book target.
visible, although the western a wide range of content, which studies the creation and distribution of wealth, concern is the welfare of society as a whole; Clearly, Smith and other classical economists, the nature and task of economics and the ancient Chinese understanding of and different state rule r; but it also contains other city-state management by the State Economic and l r-phase as if the contents of the public, and with ethics, philosophy of emotional color, which is the ancient Chinese economy, especially the Confucian concept is very similar The. is a management activity, Sun Yat-sen once said, ; pure the other members. that is, purely private matters is not, everything has more or less public nature of all acts of human society will be directly or indirectly related to the public domain; therefore, more appropriate political economy reflect the research on the requirements of social affairs and features.
Third, the basic connotation of the concept of political economy and its misuse
noted above, political economy is the fundamental economics of the public domain, which Unlike political parties, economics, or economics, government, economics is not confined to the relations of production. In fact, the field of management of public affairs the way everyone can have a variety of areas: in the power sources, or by the executive power of the national power , also can make use of intermediary organizations, but members could be adopted by consensus democracy; in the management of the way, it can be based on general abstract rules (such as the rule of law) or the special relationship between community-based (such as ethics). For example, in Early society and the management of all affairs is largely based on social relations between the Community, and to the ancient Greece between the community, city and national powers among the three laws and more emphasis on social practices; Therefore, in sub- Aristotle on the one hand that people are social animals, on the other hand said that is a political animal. Again, Smith's mechanism of human behavior deeply embedded social ethics, Smith is also often referred to as activities, hhl political r l complex is seen as the exchange. , economics, political economy and social implications will gradually converge. For example, Smith analyzed with particular emphasis on individual behavior, of course, his analysis of individual behavior is not an abstract atomic people act, but the specific human economic social relations behavior, and that such individual actions can affect social welfare. Precisely because the ultimate concern for social welfare, of the behavior is the social behavior of individuals, which Smith and other advocates of political economy consistent with the socio-economic; but , then more and more narrow meaning of the political has become synonymous with government intervention, which Lange said that social science of economics may be the subject of this better express the concept.
fact, it is because each individuals in certain social relations, its behavior has certain social, political economy and thus is more appropriate human behavior basic research areas. For this reason, even if replaced in economics in the Anglo-American political economy dominant in the future, is also widely popular in Germany, Weber advocated the concept of social economics, the German economy also known as the social market economy; So, Zhu Guohong that Economics is a social problem, rather, is a r l another name for political economy. the tendency of it? reason economics came after Smith took to the road more and more abstract, it is gradually abstracted from the specific environment it becomes atomized individuals, in this case, each acts of individual self-interest to individuals involved in the field and the only independent in the public domain; At the same time, then the political economy of public sector management of the affairs of men more and more superficial understanding of it based on social ethics and customs of the autonomy of coordination of behavior and gradually put aside the management of public affairs will only be understood as a top-down government control. In this way, then the classical political economy and politics is only related to the core of the discussion emphasized the national economic factors, or a Select the state line as the macro-economic units; the contrary, relations based on equality of governance is concerned about less and less, resulting in the economics and other social sciences from between.
, of course, strictly speaking, the heavier Mercantilism, physiocrats to the free market doctrine of classical political economy, not the real integration of various social sciences interdisciplinary; as the first political understanding of mercantilism is that state intervention, while the negative state physiocrats intervention, and the entire classical period there are different perceptions of the role of government schools of the dispute. So, while Smith and so in fact, from a broader perspective to examine the individual actions involved in the public domain, but often in the academic understanding of the labeled The end result of political economy is the economy, used the word Studies of the narrow-minded. The reason, though in economics from other disciplines and become a separate discipline of ethics and engineering when scholars includes two aspects, but at that time was born out of a long Medieval Ethics theology, such a priori ethical precepts are often associated with the growing emergence is incompatible with the secular economic activities; Thus, with the study of economics gradually narrow the wealth to ethical considerations gradually abandoned and began to build a pure economic theory efforts. In this case, pure economic theory to those interested in exploring the complex social relations aside, but only analyze some simple motivations (self) and social forces (government authority) and the behavioral consequences of economic activity impact; so that gradually the entire classical economics to the study of economics to understand economic phenomena involved in the public domain subject, or broadly to Two awareness: on the one hand, from the mercantilist and other advocates of classical economics as a social study of it is the main economic activity in the individual, although the state and policy intervention will affect a person's behavior, but the impact of individual behavior, not limited to this. In other words, despite the classical economics mercantilism borrowed from a narrow concept, but in actual use has been completely broken through that narrow category, but further extended to specific social behaviors and phenomena under study; However, at that time is based on the ; politics, scientific laws of social phenomena, and tend to be regarded as of theoretical economics, the pursuit of wealth and how people create, in some people's behavior on some a priori assumptions based on is due to the tradition of academic understanding of political economy is a narrow, limited to the national level of management and intervention, therefore, when an individual's economic decision-making increasingly occupy the main position, the country's colors, and political economy one-way But gradually the intensity of light, this time on behalf of countries to participate in political economy and management of the does not fully comply with the specific social relations of economic activities and the meaning of economic behavior, therefore, academics and individual behavior often study the classical political economy known as classical economics directly, and then the ; name as a historic problem; the same time, based on the then prevailing reactionary socialist thought, mainstream economics are more willing to maintain the capitalist system, but deliberately avoid discussing the social and economic relations between the production of this category. In this context, how the conditions in a given How to improve the welfare of individuals become the focus of mainstream Western economics, economics gradually moved from the original system of wealth creation and reform of the research turned to the individual utility, that is the central question of economics concerns turned to the private from the public domain areas. It is based on the economic behavior of individual autonomy increased emphasis on the economics content that people, objects and methods have a fundamental understanding of the transformation: it gradually actors in society reduced to a purely self-isolation, and the people in the social and economic activities in the economic relationship forged removed from the economics out. In this case, the traditional gradually established in the mainstream. In fact, Menger 70s 19th century economics have begun to use the term, Jevons formal economic theory the number of exchangeable items dominate science become the orthodox political economy.
be seen from the origin of science and semantics point of view, economics is by no means such as modern mainstream economists emphasized just the study of learned sages absorbed in a strong spirit of humane care, not only of society's wealth production, resource utilization and monetary functions, more concerned with the economic interests of society, between rich and poor, and debt and so on. is precisely because of these studies and social relations , people's livelihood, a collective decision-making closer together, and thus its proper political economy has become the name; the so-called political economy, which is related to public areas, the growth of social welfare economics, which was focused on private sector and to explore the personal enrichment (neoclassical) economics are fundamentally different. Moreover, although mainstream economics, the study focused on the relationship between human and object level, that economics as a field of about maximizing individual calculation of learning; but in real life, after all, any economic activity is necessarily social, inevitably involves aspects of social relations among people, even if the pure allocation of resources will inevitably affect the interests of others. In particular, while in the West dominated by a single ideology, economics Gan J. Neville. Keynes for all the academic effort to explore ) in terms of political economy that still exists, but in 1985 was the 12th edition of the focused on physical capital investment, and less involved in the relationship between people, not go into details about heterogeneity of human capital (labor) features, but also the lack of other social capital, attention, so it basically inherited the Marshall The Economics split emerged: In Western society, the economics of attention gradually shifted from a resource allocation of resources to create areas of the field, turned from the public sphere the private sector, concerned about the personal fortunes of rational behavior, which appeared in the mainstream neoclassical economics, which affect the economic behavior gradually abandoned the to the important role, which basically followed the classical Marxist political economy, especially the analytical framework of political economy, with particular focus on national economic impact of administrative power. Therefore, there is in the West and radical neo-classical economics, political economy two paradigms, and in non-Western countries exist in other Western (mainstream) economics and (Marxist) political economy of two basic paradigms.
one hand, with the western capitalist system and the gradual improvement of market mechanisms the maturing of the gradual emergence of the Western economic circles for every possible way to maintain the existing social system, ideology, this ideology, although the emphasis on value-free, in fact, require a single ideology for economic analysis; the same time, Western Economics scientific approach makes it gradually embarked on a development path more and more abstract, concerned only with material resources allocation, and thus the relations of production in the economic analysis of the factors that will be put aside. Obviously, it is neo-classical economics, social history are different from the background and theoretical basis of classical economics, and thus understanding the meaning of economics, there have been changes; This will not only trigger the Marginal Revolution, makes the political economy changed the name of economics. In fact, since the marginalist pioneers Jevons tried configuration limited to the relationship between persons and things, and individual behavior to social isolation in the open. In other words, mainstream economics emphasized the allocation of resources and classical economics began to appear very different: it is no longer a social and historical context, is no longer involved in the relationship between people, but a pure product of the abstract category, depending on the skill level of a society.
course, despite the economics affairs of life knowledge, ; to replace the original meaning of the word more abundant He put economics is defined as: under the conditions of resource scarcity in the allocation of human resources is to conduct a formal social science, and thus the economics as an objective to achieve their academic selectivity, and the ethics discharged outside the school, etc.. Robbins nature and significance of economics to understand and grasp this, as was endorsed by most contemporary economists, and in this spirit of continuous innovation and academic theoretical construct, thus gradually the formation of the grand theories of the contemporary world economy. For example, Friedman 1953, in the